Allison Hickey and Hallie Banc In order to make a democracy work, you need to carry out many common practices. One common practice is Free Elections. This means that you need to have more than one political party, because you cannot vote if there is only one party. There also has to be universal suffrage for all, saying that all adult citizens can vote. Another common practice is Citizen Participation. This contains high levels of education and literacy. Also, gives citizens economic security; this opportunity gives citizens a stake in their country's future. Under this practice, there is also freedom of speech, press, and assembly. People are allowed to gather in groups for peaceful protests and speak their own opinions. A third common practice is Majority Rule, Minority Rights. All citizens are equal before the law, share national identity, and are protected of such individual rights such as freedom of religion. People can elect their own representatives to carry out their will and do what they would want to do. All of these common practices are what make up a successful, unified democracy. Germany's journey to democracy was a challenge. The Hungarian government allowed the vacating East Germans to cross its barriers to enter Austria. Then, in response to the Berlin Wall, the East German Government closed its borders to the surrounding countries entirely. This act of isolation caused protests and rebellions for the right to travel freely and demanding free elections with several political parties. Many tried to escape, but could not get across the border in time. Eventually, the new East German leader tried to restore stability and order, by allowing people to leave East Germany. Later, the Berlin Wall was opened, ending the attempt to save Communism. East German Communist Party was no longer existent. After this, they were on the road to Democracy, starting with the thought of merging the two Germany's. In order to successfully complete a democracy, West Germany committed to a democracy, and in 1990 merged with East Germany. Once they reunited, they faced many struggles; however, they overcame those challenges and continue to be a strong democracy today. During the 1880's Britain and Russia both wanted control over Afghanistan. Russia wanted this land because they wanted access to the Indian Ocean and Britain wanted to control this land to protect the border of India. Britain and Afghanistan went to war for many years, until finally Britain left and Afghanistan set up a monarchy and declared them self an independent nation. In 1979, the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan to add their Communist Empire. However, they were outmaneuvered by the rebels, and defeated. The Taliban now emerged as the victor and controlled 90% of the country while the Northern Alliance held the rest of the country. After the United States Government was attacked on 9/11 by a terrorist attack, they invaded Afghanistan to help destroy the Taliban and set up a successful democracy. Afghanistan today is continuing to build their strong democracy. China began to improve their economy however, did not want to turn capitalist. The 4 Modernizations were put into play, and many people were beginning to buy new appliances and clothes because of the increase in people’s income. However, when new reforms allowed Western ideas into China, this caused Chinese students to demand political freedom. Revolts and protests were staged against the Chinese Government. The uprising at Tiananmen Square was a huge eye-opener for many citizens in China, and around the world. At Tiananmen Square, students led a protest for political freedom, and the Chinese Government reacted drastically. The military killed and wounded several hundred protestors. To hide the evidence of violence, the Chinese Government shut down the lights in Tiananmen Square so foreigners and visitors from other countries could not record the incident and bring it back to their home country. The press and media were so censored and modified in China, and still is today. People have the right to freedom of press, speech, and assembly and staged many rebellions to hopefully allow them to receive it. Tiananmen Square Rebellion did not change China, but did indeed show the corruption in the Chinese Government. Today, China is still a powerful Communist nation, never being able to achieve the common practices for a successful democracy.

South Africa’s Journey to Democracy Racial conflict and diversity was a major issue expressed in South Africa in the beginning 1900’s. When first under British and Dutch rule, Africa was almost fully segregated; the large African American community was unfairly treated compared to the small white minority. South Africa became an independent member of the British Commonwealth in 1931; however, this did not fix the racism. Whites were still given higher political titles, and blacks were denied many individual rights. Apartheid, a firm division between races, came into practice in 1948. This separated everything in South Africa, including schools, hospitals, neighborhoods, and many public places. Homelands were set up for the African American community, because living among the white population was not allowed. Many African Americans protested the unfair treatment and racism towards their ethnicity. The African National Congress (ANC) was formed in 1912. This organization boycotted and held strikes banning the racial policies. Many of the members were imprisoned for the behavior against the government which included the influential Nelson Mandela. Nelson Mandela was the main leader of the revolutionaries in South Africa, putting his own life at risk for the sake of equal rights. He led many peaceful protests for 20 long years, including the Defiance Campaign and the Congress of People. But after many strikes and protests, Mandela, along with 150 other protestors, was put in prison. They were kept there for 27 years. 18 out of his 27 years of imprisonment were spent at Robins Island. He was given many opportunities to be released as long as he promised to stop his revolutions against the apartheid, however, he refused. In 1989, South Africa elected a new president by the name of F.W. de Klerk. He wanted to end the isolation in Africa, so he legalized the ANC and released Nelson Mandela from prison. The next 18 months were spent on rebuilding the South African Parliament. In 1994, Nelson Mandela was elected president, but resigned in 1999. During this time, new laws were passed granting equal rights to all South African citizens. Nelson Mandela’s courage and promise for change is what makes him and great leader and a strong role model for many people. Currently, South Africa is opening up their economy and continuing to build their way to a strong democracy. In 2002, South Africa opened up their market to free trade to grow employment rate. As of now, they are a there tier system, similar to the United States, containing an independent judiciary. The legislative branch is invested in the Parliament, and the National Assembly is also active in the South African government. Laws are continuing to be made to ensure equal rights to all citizens of South Africa and stop the amount of racism expressed. No laws can be passed by just one branch of government; the policy needs to be revised by the other branches in order to be passed. South Africa’s long journey to a democracy shows their constant bravery and persistence to achieve equality.

Cold War by Allison Hickey and Hallie Banc

Ranking:
1. Cuban Missile Crisis
2. Vietnam War
3. Korean War
4. Berlin Airlift
5. Bay of Pigs
6. Chinese civil war
7. Invasion of Czechoslovakia
8. Civil War in Iran
9. Conflict in Hungary
10. Cultural revolution
11. Nicaragua civil war
12. Conflict in Afghanistan

Cuban Missile Crisis
Ranking: 1
Date: October 1962
Countries Involved: Cuba, United States, Soviet Union
Summary: Soviet Union installed nuclear missiles in Cuba 90 miles away from the United States coasts. Not only did this scare the people in the United States, but also worried people worldwide, that this would be the start of the Third World War. The tension continued to grow until the conflict was resolved.
Outcome: After 13 long days, the Soviet Union offered to remove the missiles from Cuban ground under one circumstance. The United States had to promise to never invade Cuba.
Why it is ranked? We ranked this as number one because the world sat on edge for 13 days waiting to see the outcome. If the missiles were launched, they feared the worst.

Vietnam War
Ranking: 2
Date: November 1, 1955 - April 30, 1975
Countries: North Vietnam, South Vietnam, United States, Soviet Union, Cambodia, Laos, France
Summary: The Vietnam War was a war when the nationalists wanted independence from France, so they asked the communists for help. The United States escalates its involvement in order to prevent another communist nation. However, the US removed their troops from the war because the war was unpopular in the US and they responded to the pressure of politics.
Outcome: Vietnam was divided into North Vietnam which was Communist, and South Vietnam which was Capitalist. Their government was set up and controlled by the French and the United States.
Why it is ranked? We ranked it second because many countries were involved and would be effected many different way depending on how the outcome of the war was.

Korean War
Ranking: 3
Date: June 25 1950 - July 27 1953
Countries Involved: North Korea, South Korea, United Nations, United States, Soviet Union, China
Summary: The UN sent international troops into Korea because North Korea had invaded South Korea. The Soviet Union provided North Korea with tanks, airplanes, and money to attempt to take over South Korea. This angered the United States.
Outcome: Korea was divided near the 38th parallel allowing Northern Korea to become communist and South Korea to become capitalist. The war was ended with US aid.
Why it is ranked? We ranked it third because many countries got involved and could not afford to to have all of Korea become either Capitalist or Communist.

Berlin Airlift
Ranking: 4
Date: 1948
Countries Involved: Berlin, United States, Soviet Union
Summary: The Soviet Union blockaded the French, British, and American zones of Berlin to cause the Western Powers to be left with only one option, to leave Berlin. Little did the know, the power of the United States was much stronger than they imagined. The US flew supplies and dropped them in West Berlin, forcing the Soviet Union to lift their now useless blockade.
Outcome: The United States outsmarted the Soviet Union by sending airplanes filled with supplies over West Berlin, and dropped it down into the blockaded city. This forced the Soviet Union to take down their blockade.
Why it is ranked? Because when Berlin was about to fall, the United States came in and showed the Soviet Union that they were still more powerful. This angered the Soviets and caused more tension.

Bay of Pigs Invasion
Ranking: 5
Date: April 17-19, 1961
Countries Involved: Cuba, United States
Summary: The Bay of Pigs was a military invasion of Anti-Castro Cubans which was unsuccessful. The US did not have as much air support as they thought, and Castro easily counter attacked and defeated them. This made the United States look incredibly weak.
Outcome: Castro's forces captured the US brigade members and kept them hostage for 20 months until the US negotiated a plan with Castro. This eventually led to the Cuban Missile Crisis.
Why it is ranked? The Bay of Pigs invasion was a failed attempt by the US, still causing tension, however, only between 2 countries.

Chinese Civil War
Ranking: 6
Date: 1946-1950
Countries Involved: Nationalists China and Communist China, USSR, US
Summary: Mao Zedong was the leader of the Communist China and Jiang Jieshi was the leader of the Nationalist China. The United States sent up to 1.5 billion to the nationalist to be used to fight against the communists. The USSR also sent money to those communist china to be used to fight the nationalists. Nationalist economy was collapsing, so many deserted to communists.
Outcome: Communist take over main land China. The government of the Republic of China relocated to the Island of Taiwan. The combat ended, but no peace treaty was signed.
Why it is ranked? The civil war was a tense situation because both superpowers were fighting through the Chinese, however they never fought each other.

Invasion of Czechoslovakia
Ranking: 7
Date: 1968
Countries Involved: Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Bulgaria
Summary: Czechoslovakia had attempted to free themselves from Soviet Union rule. They tried to express themselves, breaking soviet rules. However, the Warsaw Pact troops in Soviet Union stopped the rebellions and Czechoslovakia was back under Soviet Union control.
Outcome: The Soviet Union remained in Czechoslovakia until 1991 to prevent further outbreaks of rebellion. They signed a negotiation called the Moscow Protocol which promised to protect socialism in Czechoslovakia.
Why it is ranked? We ranked this 7 because this as not much of a fight because the Soviets quickly stifled the rebellions of escape. Also, this rebellion only affected mostly Soviets and Czechoslovakia.

Civil War in Iran
Ranking: 8
Date: 1978-1979
Countries Involved: Iran, United States
Summary: The United States put the shah in power to separate the Iranian church for state. However, the Iranians hated the idea of this separation so they fought until the shah was out of power and the religious leader was once again in charge of the government. Iran hated the US because they supported the shah in power.
Outcome: The religious leader ended up back in power. Also, church and state was not separated.
Why it is ranked? We ranked it 8 because nothing ended up changing, but they still went through a lot of fighting, and the church and state was not separated.

Conflict in Hungary
Ranking: 9
Date: 1956-1958
Countries Involved: Soviet Union, Hungary
Summary: The Hungarians had tried to break away from Soviet Union control. However, the Soviets came back into Hungary and reestablished their governments. the revolts and protests from the Hungarians were useless, and did not change anything.
Outcome: The revolts and protests did not change anything in Hungary. Soviet union still had total control.
Why it is ranked? We ranked this 9 because it did not really change anything, but it showed how unhappy the Hungarians were under Soviet Rule.

Cultural revolution
Ranking: 10
Date: 1966-1976
Countries involved: Communist China
Summary: Communist leader Mao began this revolution by getting high school and college students together and led a revolution. They planned to reconnect to old goals and create a society of peasant heroes. However the students became extremists and things became over the top.
Outcome: Mao had to distance himself from the revolution. Even though he started it, he realized that the violence was getting out of hand. Reforms were put in place but were all eventually banned.
Why we ranked it?: We thought this was not very tense because in only involved communist China and even though it was violent there was not much of an effect on the world.

Nicaragua Civil War
Ranking: 11
Date: 1979
Countries Involved: Nicaragua, United States
Summary: The communist rebels called the Sandinistas overthrew the Nicaraguan dictatorship. The first ever fair and free election was held for a new president of Nicaragua. The United States supported their Anti-Communist ways. However, this revolt seriously weakened their economy.
Outcome: After 10 years of fighting, the communists were taken out of power and Nicaragua became a democracy.
Why it is ranked? We ranked the Nicaragua Civil War 11 because it was a very small ripple that led up into the Cold War. However, the United States was still involved.

Conflict in Afghanistan
Ranking: 12
Date: 1989
Countries Involved: Afghanistan, Soviet Union
Summary: The Soviet Union withdrew their troops from Afghanistan, leaving them to fend for themselves. Many people thought that that government would collapse within 3 to 6 months, but it didn’t end up falling until much later. The Taliban continued to try and bring the new forming government down.
Outcome: The Afghan Najibullah Government collapsed. A new government was put in place, however there had continued to be inner fighting in Afghanistan.
Why it is ranked? We ranked it because this was also just a tiny rebellion that only contained 2 countries. It did not have a huge effect on many countries.

Hitler

Answer the following questions in full paragraphs. 1. What was Hitler's ideology? What beliefs and plans did he have? 2.Why were Germans willing to elect Hitler? They knew his ideology and voted for him anyway. 3. What actions did Hitler take that finally got other nations to try to stop him? Hitler believed that some people were dangerous and unclean. He thought that there should be one dominant race. When starting his plan to take over, he had obsevered other countries and saw that different ethnicities, cultures, and beliefs weakened the central government. To prevent this, his plan was to develop one main race. He picked a nationality that was produced from large countries and was born with good health and strength. The Jewish population was considered immoral and to blame for the outcome of the first World War, thats why it was Hitler's goal to eliminate them. Other than wiping out the Jewish crowd, he also, slowly and steadily, started conquering other countries. It was Hitler's goal to control everything he possibly could. Many people were supportive of Hitler because of the effects of War World 1 on Germany. They wanted to perserve the militaristic actions and ideals of Germany before the war, and they saw all of this happening through Hitler. Many Germans still had the mindset of a powerful Germany that was present before the war. Nationalism was brewing, and someone needed to take charge, and that someone was Hitler. Promising to rebuild the military and make Germany bigger and better than ever before was all the disgruntled Germans needed to hear to give there support to Hitler. Many nations tolerated Hitler, but he finially pushed too far. After World War 1, Germany was given full responsibilty of the war under the Treaty of Versallies. When Hitler came to power, he quickly ignored the treaty and regained the territories previously owned by Germany. When he saw that the countries did not hold much of a fight, he slowly started conquering other small countries. Hitler's persitent push was the spark of the second World War. Finally after threatening war against Czechoslovakia,the other nations such as Britain, France, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and Canada declared war upon Germany. World War 2 had begun and Hitler's clear vision for the future was in danger.

A positive effect of the Industrial Revolution is Urbanization. Urbanization is the movement of people to cities because of city building. This provided people with a variety of different job opportunities. It also increased population around factories. Urbanization was caused mainly by industrialization only. Urbanization opened up new opportunities for citizens and provided positive results. Another positive effect of Industrialization is education. Many kids started receiving education instead of working long hours in the factories. Laws were passed requiring kids to go to school. This resulting in the kids pursing a higher office job in their future, rather than working in the factories or mines for the rest of their life. Education resulted in a smarter, more productive generation. The inventing of new technological inventions is a another positive effect on the Industrial Revolution. Competition increased, leading in the increase of sales, and better quality in the products produced in factories. Factories were more efficient, because of the high fluctuation in sales. New inventions led to easier, quicker ways to produce and achieve daily activities. The Spinning Jenny and Power Loom are 2 examples of how the production rate doubled after the invention of these 2 useful tools. The inventing of new items also spurred other inventions, basically causing a chain reaction. This caused the cities and factories to prosper, ending with a positive effect. However, the Industrial Revolution had negative effects as well. One negative effect is child labor. Child labor was putting young children into dangerous factories, working as many hours as the average man. These children were not well Fed and physically and mentally exhausted from all of the work. Since children were working in factories, they were not getting the education the needed. They were also not given breaks, and be aten if they were sluggish or slacking. Because of the harmful Working conditions and cramped work space many children got diseases and sickness. This decreased production rate because of the lessening of workers. Since so many factories were being built, children were needed to fill the jobs that should of been done by someone much older. The conditions in coal mines were so dangerous and harmful to humans, being a negative effect. The workers were at constant risk. Floods could accur, trapping the workers underground. The work spaces were tight and hot. Many passed out because of the little air flow, got lung disease, or poisoned by the coal fumes. People who worked in the coal mines were paid less than those in factories. The job of a coal miner was very dangerous, but since coal is a needed resource, someone had to do it. The last mjor negative effect on the Industrial Revolution is changing role of women. Not only were women not allowed certain jobs, but the ones they were allowed,, they were still paid less than men. Since women were sent to work to provide for their families, their children were unattened. This led to the children going and working in factories. Women also had no time for housework. If women worked in the factories, their dress code was harazerdous. Their long skirts and blouses could get caught in machinery and kill them. Even though women performed the same jobs as men, they were still discriminated.

Revolutions in the Arts

Romanticism: John Constable, 1822, View on the Stour near Dehman.
Description: It shows how beautiful nature is. It also shows an exaggerated and peaceful view of nature in a perfect world.
Realism: Willem Claesz Heda, 17 century, Banquet Piece with Mince Pie
Description: This shows life as it is. A very realistic picture of the food and way of life.
Impression: Leonid Afremov, no date, Gold Impression painting.
Description: This painting has long and flowy brush strokes. It shows a moment in time through the artists eyes.
BY HALLIE BANC AND ALLISON HICKEY

Week 1: Napoleon's Influence

Overall, I believe Napoleon's efforts and effects on the French society were positive.
Napoleon had his faults, however, his ideas were always trying to help make French a stronger country. For example, Napoleon established a national bank and efficient tax-collection system. He did this because he wanted to make a solid economy for France. In result, he efforts ensured the government with steady money and promoted financial management.
Another contribution that Napoleon did was create the formation of lycees. He wanted to provide the governments with smart, trained officials. With this in mind, he established a public school (lycee) system where everyone was welcome. This lead to reduced corruption and inefficiency in the government, pleasing the French citizens.
A final positive outcome Napoleon had was selling he Louisiana Territory to the United States. There were three main reasons why Napoleon did this. It weakened France's enemy Britain and ensured American power. It also gave France money to finance their European wars. Overall, Napoleon's actions helped the French greatly.